bool(): Convert to boolean (e.g., bool(1) → True)int(): Convert to integer (e.g., int("42") → 42)float(): Convert to float (e.g., float("3.14") → 3.14)str(): Convert to string (e.g., str(42) → "42")list(): Convert to list (e.g., list("abc") → ['a', 'b', 'c'])set(): Convert to set (e.g., set([1, 1, 2]) → {1, 2})tuple(): Convert to tuple (e.g., tuple([1, 2, 3]) → (1, 2, 3))dict(): Create dictionary (e.g., dict(a=1, b=2) → {'a': 1, 'b': 2})bytes(): Create bytes object (e.g., bytes("hello", "utf-8") → b'hello')bytearray(): Create mutable bytes (e.g., bytearray(b"hello") → bytearray(b'hello'))complex(): Create complex number (e.g., complex(1, 2) → (1+2j))bin(): Convert an integer number to a binary string prefixed with "0b" (e.g., bin(1) → 0b1)oct(): Convert an integer number to an octal string prefixed with "0o" (e.g., oct(1) → 0o1)hex(): Convert an integer number to a lowercase hexadecimal string prefixed with "0x" (e.g., hex(1) → 0x1)ord(): Unicode code point of character (e.g., ord('A') → 65)chr(): Character from Unicode code (e.g., chr(65) → 'A')ascii(): ASCII representation (e.g., ascii('café') → 'caf\xe9')repr(): Printable representation of an object (e.g., repr(f'hello: {var}'))format(): Format value (e.g., format(3.14159, '.2f') → '3.14')sum(): Sum of iterable (e.g., sum([1, 2, 3]) → 6)pow(): Power function (e.g., pow(2, 3) → 8)divmod(): Division and modulus (e.g., divmod(10, 3) → (3, 1))min(): Minimum value (e.g., min([1, 2, 3]) → 1)max(): Maximum value (e.g., max([1, 2, 3]) → 3)abs(): Absolute value (e.g., abs(-1) → 1)round(): Round to n digits (e.g., round(3.14159, 2) → 3.14)len(): Length of object (e.g., len([1, 2, 3]) → 3)range(): Generate number sequence (e.g., list(range(5)) → [0, 1, 2, 3, 4])enumerate(): Add index to iterable (e.g., list(enumerate(['a', 'b'])) → [(0, 'a'), (1, 'b')])sorted(): Sort iterable (e.g., sorted([3, 1, 2]) → [1, 2, 3])reversed(): Reverse iterator (e.g., list(reversed([1, 2, 3])) → [3, 2, 1])zip(): Combine iterables (e.g., list(zip([1, 2], ['a', 'b'])) → [(1, 'a'), (2, 'b')])slice(): Create slice object (e.g., slice(1, 5, 2) → start=1, stop=5, step=2 | same as my_array[1:5:2])aiter(): Returns an async iterator from an async iterable (e.g., aiter(async_iterator()))anext(): Gets next item from async iterator (e.g., anext(async_iterator()))frozenset(): Creates an immutable set (e.g., frozenset([1, 2, 3, 2]))map(): Apply function to iterable (e.g., list(map(str.upper, ['a', 'b'])) → ['A', 'B'])filter(): Filter iterable (e.g., list(filter(lambda x: x > 0, [-1, 0, 1, 2])) → [1, 2])all(): True if all elements are true (e.g., all([True, True, False]) → False)any(): True if any element is true (e.g., any([False, False, True]) → True)iter(): Create iterator (e.g., iter([1, 2, 3]))next(): Get next item from iterator (e.g., next(iter([1, 2, 3])) → 1)type(): Get object type (e.g., type(1) → <class 'int'>)isinstance(): Check instance type (e.g., isinstance(1, int) → True)issubclass(): Check subclass relationship (e.g., issubclass(bool, int) → True)id(): Object identity (e.g., id(obj))dir(): List object attributes (e.g., dir(str))hasattr(): Check if object has attribute (e.g., hasattr('hello', 'upper') → True)setattr(): Set attribute value (e.g., setattr(obj, 'name', 'value'))getattr(): Get attribute value (e.g., getattr('hello', 'upper')() → 'HELLO')delattr(): Delete attribute (e.g., delattr(obj, 'name'))vars(): Returns __dict__ attribute of an object (e.g., vars(obj))callable(): Check if object is callable (e.g., callable(print) → True)eval(): Evaluate expression (e.g., eval('2 + 3') → 5)exec(): Execute code (e.g., exec('x = 5'))compile(): Compile source to code object (e.g., compile('x=1', '<string>', 'exec'))globals(): Global namespace as a dictionary (e.g., globals() → {'g1': 1, 'g2': 2})locals(): Local namespace as a dictionary (e.g., locals() → {'l1': 1, 'l2': 2})hash(): Hash value of object (e.g., hash('hello'))memoryview(): Memory view object (e.g., memoryview(b'hello'))object(): Base object (e.g., object())property(): Create property attribute (e.g., @property)staticmethod(): Static method decorator (e.g., @staticmethod)classmethod(): Class method decorator (e.g., @classmethod)super(): Access parent class (e.g., super().__init__())print(): Print to stdout (e.g., print("Hello", "World"))input(): Read from stdin (e.g., name = input("Enter name: "))open(): Open file (e.g., open('file.txt', 'r'))help(): Interactive help (e.g., help(print))breakpoint(): Debugger breakpoint (e.g., breakpoint())__import__(): Dynamic import (e.g., __import__('math'))